Unfortunately my expertise is in protein biochemistry and not in beauty products so I can give you only my opinion and not a scientific answer.

I don't think that the ingredients in lip gloss will damage your lips. I think that using lip gloss is a good way to protect your lips, which need actually more protection from UV light (sun) than our facial skin. This means that you should first think of protecting your lips from UV light and than about colors. Some chemicals can cause allergies especially some color pigments, so don't use them if you experience this.