Answer 1:
Here is the outline for chemistry out of the
College Board "Acorn" book. -
Structure of Matter
- Atomic
theory and atomic structure
- Evidence
of the atomic theory
- Atomic masses;
determination by chemical and physical means
- Atomic number and mass number; isotopes
- Electron energy levels; atomic
spectra, quantum numbers, atomic orbitals
- Periodic relationships including, for
example, atomic radii, ionization energies,
electron affinities, oxidation states
- Chemical bonding
-
Binding forces
- Types:
ionic, covalent, metallic, hydrogen bonding, van
der Waals (including London dispersion forces)
- Relationships to states, structure, and
properties of matter
- Polarity of bonds,
electronegativities
-
Molecular models
- Lewis
structures
- Valence bond:
hybridization of orbitals, resonance, sigma and pi
bonds
- VSEPR
- Geometry
of molecules and ions; structural isomerism of
simple organic molecules and coordination
complexes; dipole moments of molecules; relation
of properties to structure
Nuclear chemistry; nuclear equations, half-lives,
and radioactivity; chemical applications
States of Matter
- Gases
- Laws of
ideal gases
- Equation of
state for an ideal gas
- Partial
pressures
- Kinetic-molecular
theory
- Interpretation of
ideal gas laws on the basis of this theory
- Avogadros hypothesis and the mole
concept
- Dependence of kinetic energy of
molecules of temperature
- Deviations
from ideal gas laws
- Liquids and
solids
1. Liquids and solids from the
kinetic-molecular viewpoint 2. Phase
diagrams of one-component systems 3.
Changes of state, including critical points and
triple points 4. Structure of solids;
lattice energies C. Solutions 1.
Types of solutions and factors affecting
solubility 2. Methods of expressing
concentration (The use of normalities is not
tested.) 3. Raoults law and colligative
properties (nonvolatile solutes); osmosis
4. Non-ideal behavior (qualitative aspects)
III. Reactions A. Reaction types
1. Acid-base reactions; concepts of
Arrhenius, Brnsted-Lowry, and Lewis; coordination
complexes; amphoterism 2.
Precipitation reactions 3.
Oxidation-reduction reactions a. Oxidation
number b. The role of of the electron in
oxidation-reducation c. Electrochemistry:
electrolytic and galvanic cells; Faradays laws;
standard half-cell potentials; Nernst equation;
prediction of the direction of redox reactions
B. Stoichiometry 1. Ionic and
molecular species present in chemical systems: net
ionic equations 2. Balancing of equations
including those for redox reactions 3.
Mass and volume relations with emphasis on the
mole concept, including empirical formulas and
limiting empirical formulas and limiting reactants
C. Equilibrium 1. Concept of dynamic
equilibrium, physical and chemical; Le Chateliers
principle; equilibrium constants 2.
Quantitative treatment a. Equilibrium
constants for gaseous reactions: Kp, Kc b.
Equilibrium constants for reactions in
solution (1) Constants for acids and
bases; pK; pH (2) Solubility product
constants and their and their application to
precipitation and the dissolution of slightly
soluble compounds (3) Common ion effect;
buffers; hydrolysis D. Kinetics 1.
Concept of rate of reaction 2. Use of
experimental data and graphical analysis to
determine reactant order, rate constants, and
reaction rate laws. 3. Effect of
temperature charge on rates 4. Energy of
activation; the role of catalysts 5. The
relationship between the rate-determining step and
a mechanism E. Thermodynamics 1.
State functions 2. First law: change in
enthalpy; heat of formation; heat of reaction;
Hesss law; heats of vaporization and fusion;
calorimetry 3. Second law: entropy; free
energy of formation; free energy of reaction;
dependence of change in free energy on
enthalpy and entropy changes. 4.
Relationship of change in free energy to
equilibrium constants and electrode potentials
IV. Descriptive Chemistry
A. Chemical reactivity and products of chemical
reactions B. Relationships in the
periodic table; horizontal, vertical, and diagonal
with examples from alkali metals, alkaline
earth metals, halogens, and the first series of
transition elements
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