Answer 1:
Heterotrophic cells presumably evolved
first, followed later by those species capable
of photosynthesis. It is interesting that your
question asks about "plant cells" and "animal
cells" as this implies a level of multicellularity
and specialization, which these earliest forms of
life did not exhibit. While not animals in the
traditional sense (not being heterotrophic
multicellular organisms), there are unicellular
species that are both motile and
photosynthetic. Good examples would include
members of the phytomastigophorea which contains
species such as the common freshwater
Euglena.
It is also important that when thinking about
evolutionary processes that you avoid looking at
things from a teleological perspective (the use of
design or purpose as an explanation of natural
phenomena). Species don't "decide" to evolve in
one way or another, but rather, those species with
unfavorable or inferior characteristics are simply
out-competed and subsequently, their genes do not
make it into successive generations.
Most species of animals have such high surface
area to volume ratios and high activity levels,
that relying on photosynthesis would probably
contribute negligibly to their metabolic
requirements. There are however, some exceptions,
but for photosynthesis, these species rely on
algal endosymbionts (frequently dinoflagellates)
to provide supplemental nutrition. The
contribution of the endosymbionts to the host's
metabolic needs can vary dramatically from species
to species, from very little to 90+%. It should be
noted that the appearance of mutualistic
algal-invertebrate symbioses evolved independently
in a wide range of taxa and includes a large
number of species including sponges, hydroids,
jellyfish, anemones, corals, sea slugs, bivalves,
and flatworms, among others. Click Here to return to the search form.
|