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Why do two air molecules, separating at the same
time, and one going along the "straight" bottom
of an airplane wing and one going along the
curved top of the wing have to arrive at the back
of the wing at the same time? Or do they? Isn't
that what creates lift?
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Question Date: 2011-10-11 | | Answer 1:
That's an excellent question! This is, in
fact, a common misconception: an air molecule
traveling along the bottom of the wing does not,
in general, need to meet up with the other
molecule that traveled along the top of the wing
(this is the so-called "equal transit time"
theory). In general, lift is a very complicated
thing to understand (for me as well!), but here's
a more physically correct understanding: because
of the shape of the top surface of a wing, a tube
of air flowing along the top is "squished" by the
shape of the wing, while a tube of air flowing
below the wing is relatively unchanged. But when
a tube of fluid (air, in this case) is narrowed,
its speed must increase, and therefore the
pressure decreases. Therefore, the compressed
tube of air flowing along the top of the wing
generates a lower pressure than the tube
underneath, and the wing is lifted. Another
understanding of lift follows from Newton's third
law of motion: a wing is generally shaped and
oriented so that the air that passes the wing
gains some downwards velocity; this means that the
wing had to push down on the air. But Newton's
third law of motion says that for every action
there is an equal and opposite reaction, so if the
wing pushed down on the air, then the air had to
push up on the wing, creating lift. You can
actually try this yourself some time by holding
your hand flat outside of a car window; as you
tilt your hand up and down, you'll push the air
either up or down, and that will create a lift
force on your hand. | | Answer 2:
I can tell you that as the wing moves through
the air it will create a void behind it, which
will suck air ahead of it in. | | Answer 3:
This is one of those classic misconceptions you
learn in school. I am not an aeronautics guy so
I'll be careful about saying what really gives an
airplane lift but I promise you it isn't
Bernoulli's law. I'm sure different planes use
various designs, but the general idea is that the
tips of the wings create an awkward surface
aerodynamically which cause little eddies of air
to spin off of them. The wings are generally
tapered backwards, not straight 90 degrees from
the plane's body which guides massive currents of
air towards the tips where large turbullent
buffets of air are "thrown" from the wing creating
lift in the same way you glide backwards on ice if
you push off someone else. It should be noted
that no single effect explains lift in planes and
vortices coming off the edges near the tips is
only part of the story, but it is a big part!
I urge you to Google around for some diagrams
explaining this effect. "What causes airplane
lift" should do it. airfly
that site has a nice picture of vortices behind a
plane going through fog. Hope this helps! | | Answer 4:
Excellent question! This is actually a rather
famous misconception (or over-simplification) of
the fluid dynamics behind lift. A google search
for airfoil myth is a good place to start if you'd
like to look into the topic futher. I'll try to
provide the best explanation I can here. The truth
is there is no reason why the air on the top of
the wing and the bottom of the wing need to
re-unite at the back at the same time. The
classical proofs of this are 1) an airplane is
able to fly up-side down for long periods of time,
and 2) airplanes with flat wings are able to fly,
without having the airfoil shape. How is lift,
then, actually created? It's a combination of two
forces. One, very simply, is that airplane wings
have an angle of attack which deflects the
incoming air down. Pushing down on the air, the
plane is lifted up. The second force is where the
reference to Bernoulli's principle enters. The
wing, while cutting through the air, creates a
wake, just like you would find behind a speeding
boat. (Air, being a fluid, behaves a lot like
water!) The airfoil shape helps to focus this wake
on the upper edge of the wing. This turbulent
section is moving around a lot faster than the
rest of the air, resulting in a low pressure
pocket above the wing, pulling the wing up. Of
course, an answer to your question which didn't
mention the Navier-Stokes equations would be
incomplete! These are the (very-complicated)
equations which describe all fluid motion. In all
but the simplest cases, they cannot be solved
without a computer. As a bit of a side note,
aircraft designers have to balance the wing shapes
against two dangers: a very smooth wing cuts fast
through the air, but doesn't generate much lift. A
more aggressive wing can generate a lot of upward
force, but also requires much more power to push
through the air! They can use computer simulations
to find the optimum shape between these two
extremes. | | Answer 5:
There are two parts to your answer. 1) Why is
the air on the top side of a wing less dense and
than the air on the bottom of the wing? 2) How do
two molecules separated by the wing moving through
the air meet on the other side. 1) The lift
generated by a wing (force that pushes a plane
into the sky) has been described by two
scientists. Newton and Bernoulli, both were very
smart and both created mathematical equations to
describe how air flow over a wing creates lift.
Both were right, however they took two different
ways to get to the same answer. Both answers are
tricky to explain exactly without math that you
will learn about in ~ 7th grade. A better
explanation for you maybe that while a wing on an
plane is being pushed forward by the engines
through still air, some of the air that meets the
front edge of the wing gets pushed under the wing
and some air is pushed above it. Because the wing
is at an angle where the front edge is higher than
the back edge, more air is pushed below the wing
than above the wing. The more air that is pushed
down the more the plane is pushed up. While this
pushing of air is going on, the smaller portion of
air that was pushed over the top of the wing has
fewer other air molecules to bump into since some
of the air was pushed under the wing. This means
the air above the wing is now less dense, and the
air below more dense. The difference in density
helps make it easier to push the plane up. Also,
if gas molecules, like air, are less dense they
tend to speed up since they don't have other
molecules to bump into and slow them down. So, the
molecules on the top of the wing move faster than
the ones on the bottom of the wing. 2) You
can see that it takes many words to explain lift
without math. One way that can show how lift works
is to say two molecules separated by the wing, one
goes faster than the other and one goes slower and
they meet again after the wing has past by. This
picture really isn't physically true. On average
the air on the top of the wing is traveling faster
and the air on the bottom is slower, but the
chances of two molecules that were next to each
other on one side "meeting up" on the other is
very slim. I hope this helped. Click Here to return to the search form.
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