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I was wondering if light have mass or weight? If
so, how is it measured?
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Question Date: 1998-05-08 | | Answer 1:
Your question seems to be very simple on the
surface, but it is in fact rather complicated.
Before I answer your question, I would like to
tell you a short story about the famous physicist
Richard Feynman. I am not sure that I remember all
the details correctly, but they are not all that
important to the main point of the story. One day
when he was young, he was walking in the woods
with his father and young Richard saw a bird and
he asked his father,"What's the name of that
bird?" His dad studied birds, and he told Richard
that the bird was a sparrow. He also told Richard
the different names for the bird in several
different languages: Japanese,
Spanish, Russian, Latin ... . Then he said,
"Well now, I have given you many different names
for the bird, but remember that you really don't
know anything more about the bird except for its
name. The name of the bird is not important.
What is important is how the bird flys, how it
builds its nest, how it migrates, how it lays its
eggs, ... ."
So, what does this story have
to do with the mass of light? Well if you read a
textbook, you will find out that light can be
thought of as being made up of particles called
photons. These photons have no mass! So there is
the simple answer, light has no mass and no
weight. This is a lot like knowing the name of
the bird, you know that light has no mass and no
weight, but you don't know how light
behaves.
Well it turns out that even though
light has no mass, it is attracted by gravity.
This effect is so small that we are not aware of
it in ordinary light, but astronomers must keep
this in mind, because there are certain situations
when this effect will be observable. Now in order
to see this effect, you need a large body with a
lot of mass which will bend the path of light due
to its gravity. One example of a big body is the
Sun, but since the Sun gives off so much light
itself, it is often difficult to see this. It
turns out that during a total eclipse of the Sun,
scientists can see the effect of the Sun's gravity
bending starlight from distant stars.
Incidentally, this effect was first predicted by
Einstein, but scientists had to wait several
months for the next eclipse to see if he was
right. (He was, of course, correct.)
I
hope you understand a little more about light, and
also a little bit about how science sometimes has
the "simple" answer that is good enough to explain
things most of the time, but that sometimes things
get to be a little more complicated in very
special situations.
| | Answer 2:
Light is believed to be massless.According to what
is known as the Particle Data Book, a summary of
what has been measured in particle physics, the
upper limit to the mass of a photon (a light
"particle") is extremely small. Unfortunately, I
don't know how the measurement was done. If I can
find out, I'll let you know.
| | Answer 3:
Light does not have mass, and therefore there is
nothing for the force of gravity to pull on, so
light doesn't have weight either. However,
light does have energy. Think of the oscillations
that cause water waves at the beach. The
oscillations don't have mass, but they do have
energy, which you've surely felt if you've ever
been hit by a big wave. Light can be thought of
as either an oscillation or as a particle, called
a photon. In order to measure the energy of a
beam of light, you could put a detector in a box
with a small hole in one side, and shine the light
beam through the hole onto the detector.. The
energy that the detector sees will be the energy
of a photon of the light times the rate of photons
passing through the hole in the box times the time
that the light beam is turned on. The energy of a
photon corresponds to the wavelength of the light
oscillations, or the color of the light. Which do
you think has more energy, a photon or red light
or a photon of blue light? The rate of photons
passing through the hole in the box corresponds to
the intensity of the light beam. How is the power
written on a lightbulb (such as 60W or 100W)
related to the intensity of the light it
produces? What sorts of materials would make
good detectors for light? Would a mirror work?
How could you use a black piece of paper to detect
light?
| | Answer 4:
Light is very special. It has properties of both
waves and particles, for example, it will bend
around corners to a small degree due to
diffraction as a wave. On the other hand, if you
lower the intensity of a source enough (make it
dim enough) you can actually count the arrival of
photons which compose the light. These photons
behave like particles. Here is the tricky answer
to your question-- light doesn't have mass (at
least it must be very, very small) but it does
have signifcant momentum. So, for example, a beam
of light reflecting off a mirror pushes on the
mirror, but a very small amount. One way to
measure the momentum is with a mirror, placed on a
very sensitive balance in a vacuum jar to avoid
air currents. Then a strong beam of light will
push on the mirror, and one can find the momentum
by relating the pressure with the intensity. This
is the idea behind a "solar sail" -- a very thin
mirror, thousands of meters wide which can be used
to move space-craft using the light pressure of
the sun. On the other hand, light does have energy
-- and Einstein showed that energy and mass were
related-- so in that sense, light does have mass
-- but it still doesn't have "Rest Mass". i.e. a
photon always travels at the speed of light -- if
you try to slow one down, it merely loses energy
(but doesn't go slower) until you have nothing
left. Light traveling up from the earth into
space, actually shifts to lower energies due to
the effect of earth's gravity -- but the effect is
very small. You can't measure it for visible
light, but you can for gamma rays which are much
higher energy light particles. Sunlight,
generated near the core of the sun, can take
100,000 years to escape the surface. The pressure
deep in the sun is so high, that the light hits
matter and is scattered in random directions. It
gets scattered so much that although it is still
going the speed of light, thousands of years
elapse before it gets to the surface and can
esacpe. This means that the sun has over 50,000
years of generated light trapped within. This
light creates pressure which makes the sun larger
than it would be otherwise. In fact, for larger
stars, the light pressure is larger than any other
source of pressure in the star. For super big
stars (200x the mass of the sun) the light
pressure defeats the gravity holding the star
together -- and the star falls apart.
So,
light has no rest mass, but it does have momentum
and energy-- it can be measured by sensitive
balances or by the diameter of stars! | | Answer 5:
Most people believe that light has no mass but it
is still a good idea to check.
It turns out
that the way the upper limit on the photon (a
light "particle") mass was determined was by
making measurements of the Earth's (and I've heard
Jupiter's) magnetic field. If photons have mass
then magnetic fields at large distances will
behave differently than if photons don't have
mass. The experiements did not see any of the
effects that photons with mass would have, so the
scientists involved were able to put a limit on
how much mass a photon could have based on how
good the instrument was. It is an extremely low
limit, so if photons did have mass, they would be
very light.
Another way to try to measure
if photons have mass is to try to measure the
speed of light for different types of light (for
example radio waves, visible light, and x-rays).
If the speed of light is different for different
types of light then photons do have mass. How hard
do you think it would be to measure the difference
in the speed light between different types of
light? I hesitated to mention this possibility
earlier, but I heard from a professor here at UCSB
that people have actually tried to do this
experiment. He didn't know what the results were
though.
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