Answer 1:
I think the state of the art right now is that we
can routinely freeze cells and bring them back to
life. People often freeze things like embryos
(human and animal) and bone marrow (stem) cells in
case they are needed later. These cells have to
be put in a fluid that keeps water from
crystalizing when it freezes. Otherwise the water
crystals will puncture cells walls and cause
damage.
Freezing humans is quite a bit
more complicated and is only attempted on people
who are already dead due to other causes. People
hope that if they are frozen that they can be
defrosted, repaired, and brought back to life by
future medical technology. We don't have the
capability now.
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Answer 2:
There are many problems involved with freezing
living tissue successfully.The biggest problem is
that most tissue is 70-90% water, with salts,
proteins, etc. dissolved in it, at least while the
water is liquid. When you freeze a liquid like
water with things dissolved in it slowly, the
salts and other important parts are removed from
the growing ice crystal. This is a common method
to purify things, and is pretty common to
chemistry classes - purification through
crystallization. You wind up with pretty pure
ice, surrounded by a solid goo of what used to
make the living creature. This segregation tends
to break down membranes, disrupt organelles and
cells, and pretty much destroy any hope for
staying alive once re-melted. The only common
things frozen are human sperm cells - they are
very tiny cells, and not particularly complicated.
If you put the sperm in the correct fluid, and
freeze rapidly, then it is possible to thaw the
sperm back out and it remains living. For larger
cells, it is very difficult to freeze and thaw
individual cells successfully. Human blood cannot
be frozen and re-thawed for use, for example.
There are research projects underway to try to
figure out how to freeze blood so it can be
preserved longer. As far as I know, it is
impossible, at present, to freeze and thaw an
entire creature. Some single and multicell
animals, like yeasts and some bacteria, can be
frozen and re-thawed slowly. These cells, when it
starts to get cold, or their world starts to dry
out, can successfully dehydrate themselves, and
make the fluids in the cell very concentrated with
high molecular weight sugars and proteins. These
prevent the water in the cell from crystallizing -
the water forms a solid like glass and the solutes
are not removed from the solid water. However,
most plant and animal cells are not really capable
of this. You might try an experiment at home with
some salty water and an ice cube tray. Freezing
the salty water will lead to a segregation of the
salt and the pure water ice.
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