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Why is it that in high power electric wires, the
current travels on the outside edge? I have heard
that this phenomena is so strong that places like
radio stations use copper pipes instead of solid
wire.
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Question Date: 2000-05-31 | | Answer 1:
Your question is a good one! Although I took
physics in high school and college, I know
almost nothing about how electric current travels
through wires, and so I have cut and pasted
information I found on the internet. The web page
with the information listed below is aimed at
correcting misconceptions about electricity. It is
meant for college-level students, but is well
written, so if you are interested I would
encourage you to check it out:
http://www.eskimo.com/~billb/miscon/elect.html. Perhaps
this information will help you answer your own
question about why copper pipes are better
than metal
wires. ______________
Electric current
is a flowing motion of charged particles. The
words "electric current" mean the same as
"charge flow." Electric current is a very slow
flow of charges. On the other hand, electric
energy is made of fields and it moves VERY
rapidly. Electric energy moves at a different
speed than electric current, so obviously they are
two different things. It would lake one electron
two hours to travel 15 feet along a wire, so when
we turn on a light, what we think of as
electricity must obviously be electric energy and
not electric current.
Another difference
between electric current and electric energy is
that in an electric circuit (such as from a
battery to a light bulb and back again), the path
of the electric charges is circular, while the
path of the energy is not. The battery sends
electric energy to the light bulb, and the bulb
changes electrical energy into light. The
energy does NOT flow back to the battery again,
which is why the battery eventually runs out. At
the same time, the electric current is a circular
flow, and the charges flow through the light bulb
filament back to the battery and so none are
lost.
Here's one way to clarify the
concepts of electric current and electrical
energy: if electric current is like a flow of air
inside a pipe, then electrical energy is like
sound waves traveling through the pipe, and
electrons are like the air molecules. Sound can
travel through a pipe only if the pipe is full of
air molecules, and electrical energy can flow
along a wire only because the wire is full of
movable charges.
Sound moves much faster
than wind, correct? And electrical energy moves
much faster than electric current for much the
same reason. Air in a pipe can flow fast or slow,
while sound waves always move at the same very
high speed. Charges in a wire can flow fast or
slow, while electrical energy always flows along
the wire at the same incredibly high speed.
Whenever sound is flowing through a pipe, the air
molecules in that pipe are vibrating back and
forth. When waves of AC (alternating current)
electrical energy are flowing along a wire, the
electrons in that wire are vibrating back and
forth 60 times per second. However, the
description of air and sound moving through pipes
is just an analogy, and electrical energy is not
exactly like sound waves. Sound travels inside the
air-filled tube as compression waves travelling
through the air molecules. Electrical energy also
travels via compression waves, with the waves
travelling through the electrons within the wire.
However, electrical energy does not travel though
the wire as sound travels through air but instead
always travels in the space outside of the wires.
This is because electric energy is composed of
electric and magnetic fields which are created by
the moving electrons, but which exist in the space
surrounding the wires.
Note that electric
CHARGE is very different than the energy. The
charge-flow (current) is a flowing motion usually
of electrons, and electrons are material
particles, not energy particles. Although current
not always a flow of electrons: when electric
current exists inside an electrolyte (in
batteries, salt water, the earth, or in your
flesh) it is a flow of charged atoms called ions.
Current is a matter-flow, not an energy flow.
| | Answer 2:
This is a very interesting question that I had not
considered before.Copper is a very good conductor,
so it is very easy for charges to move around
inside the material. This means that the free
electrons will try to arrange themselves so that
they are as far from each other as possible (since
they repel each other) and so that there are no
electric fields inside the conductor. When a wave
is traveling though a conductor, the amplitude of
the wave as you look inside the conductor
decreases very quickly as you get deeper into the
material. How fast this decrease happens depends
of the frequency of the wave (how quickly the wave
oscillates, usually given in cycles per second or
Hertz). Power out of the wall oscillates at 60
Hertz, which is pretty low frequency so the
electricity flows pretty much throughout the wire.
FM radio stations, on the other hand, put
out signal at around 100 million hertz. It turns
out that the wave travels through a very thin skin
of copper on the surface. No sense in having a
lot of heavy, expensive, copper that you aren't
really using to transmit your signal, so why not
use a hollow tube?
As an aside, if you go
up to even higher frequency, you get a lot of
signal loss when using copper wires due to driving
a lot of current through a very thin skin. What
people often do instead is to again use a hollow
tube. But now, they let the wave travel inside
the tube. This is known as waveguide. The size
of a waveguide is around the same as the
wavelength of the signal you want to transmit
(wavelength is equal to the speed of light, 3 X
10^8 meters/second, divided by the frequency in
cycles per second). For 30 billion cycles per
second, also known as 30 gigahertz, the wavelength
is about 1 cm. How big would a waveguide have to
be for an FM radio station? Is this practical? | | Answer 3:
That's a new one to me. So I asked my resident
physics expert, and he couldn't remember the
answer, or find it in a physics text around the
home. He says it's related somehow to the fact
that the current is AC, not DC. He talked about
an extreme example of that in a Tesla Coil demo he
saw - the Tesla coil has really high frequency AC.
So someone stood on the tesla coil, holding a
wooden stick over his head, and the current flowed
over the surface of his body and ignited the
stick. Maybe you could find an answer by looking
up something like 'tesla coil' on the web. Good luck! Click Here to return to the search form.
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