Answer 1:
This is a great question! However, since your
question is so insightful, it touches on a great
deal of how stars and star systems are formed.
Thus a full answer is pretty long, so bear with
me.
It is currently believed that the solar
system formed from a large mass of gases and dust
consisting mostly of neutral (normal, non-ionized)
hydrogen gas. Small amounts of all the other
elements were also present in the gas cloud
(probably the remnants of a past
supernova).
With any group of matter (in
our case we mean the gas cloud), gravity will pull
everything directly toward each other. This acts
exactly the same as though all of the material
were being pulled toward the "center of mass"(aka
- "center of gravity") of the gas cloud.
If
there is nothing to counteract this force pulling
all of the matter toward the center, and it does
not rotate, the gas cloud will condense into a
single spherical mass which just sits there in
space. {ASIDE: If there is enough gas in the
cloud, the accumulated gas will exert tremendous
gravitational force compressing and heating the
hydrogen to the point of enabling a fusion
reaction to take place. This releases LOTS of
energy in the form of heat and light and provides
a counteraction force to stop the further
contraction of the gas cloud due to the
gravitational compression. This is how stars are
formed . I use this idea of needing a
counteracting
force to stop the gravitational compression
later.
So what happens if the gas cloud is
spinning slowly before it collapses from the
gravitational force pulling it inward? Several
important things will happen:
1. The gas
cloud will act in a way similar to a spinning
figure skater who pulls in her arms, the slow spin
speeds up into a fast spin. Thus, the gas will
spin faster and faster as the gas collapses toward
the center of gravity.
2. This increasing
spin rate (called rotational velocity) creates an
apparent outward force which will counteract the
gravitational inward force. Like a ball on a
string, if you swing it around fast enough, it
will stay suspended in the air with its rotational
outward pull counteracting the inward pull of the
string on the ball. Similarly, with enough
rotational velocity, the forces on the gas cloud
will match each other at orbital distances similar
to those our planets inhabit today.
3. MOST
IMPORTANT: the apparent outward force caused by
the rotation of the gases only acts in the plane
of rotation (for example - the disk swept out by
the ball and string as it whirls around). In all
of the other directions, it will not counteract the
gravitational compression and the gases will
collapse down into this plane.
This same
general situation holds for the formation of the
planetary moons and rings around Jupiter, Saturn,
Uranus and Neptune (which all exhibit similar
planar orbits). The planets (or moons) are then
formed by the coagulation or "clumping up"of the
material in the now disk-shaped gas cloud orbiting
the center or gravity of the original cloud.
Clumps in circular orbits are favored since they
can't hit each other like more highly eccentric
(oval) orbits eventually do given enough time.
I
suspect you have already heard about this part. If
not, feel free to ask more. Pluto is a special
planet in that it does not orbit in the "ecliptic
plane" in which all the other planets orbit. It is
offset from the plane by about 17 degrees. It also
has the most eccentric orbit of the solar planets.
As I understand, this could be due to many
possibilities. One is Pluto being pulled out of a
more standard circular orbit by a passing star
some time ago. Another is Pluto being an
interstellar planetoid which got "caught" by the
sun and pulled into its present orbit. Another
possibility is that it is simply a leftover of the
early clumping phase of the solar system
formation - it somehow got hurled into its
far-flung, unusual orbit by interaction with
larger planets and just hasn't gotten caught and
incorporated into a larger planet like almost all
of the others. Nor will it now.
Maybe
someday soon we will be able to send off the
anticipated space probe "Pluto Express"--from the
Jet Propulsion Laboratories (JPL) in Pasadena--and
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