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My question has to do with the moon and the sun.
I heard that the moon is slowly moving away from
the earth at a measurable rate each year. I also
heard that the sun is shrinking at a measurable
rate each year. If both these things are true
how could the earth not burn up millions of years
ago if the sun was bigger and wouldn't the moon
have been touching the earth?
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Question Date: 2003-05-16 | | Answer 1:
You are correct- the moon is moving away, and the
sun is shrinking. Both changes are small, and
though I don't know the exact numbers, they should
both be no more than a few centimeters per year.
To put that in perspective, the moon is 40 billion
centimeters away and the sun is 140 billion
centimeters wide.
The moon was indeed touching
the earth about 4 billion years ago. In fact,
Earth and Moon were formed from a collision of a
Mars-size planet (proto-Moon) and a Venus-size
planet (Proto-Earth). In a head-on impact
proto-Moon would have been destroyed, but this
impact was only a glancing blow. Proto-Moon lost
most of its core and a lot of its rock was skinned
off; these fell onto Proto-Earth and increased its
size. The heat of impact completely melted both
worlds.
The earth had a thick atmosphere of BOILED
rock, and it glowed like a star for millions of
years. If there was any life before the collision,
certainly it would have all been fried. This
amazing scenario was deduced from studies of moon
rocks and is supported by computer simulations of
the collision.
After the collision the moon
orbited close to Earth. The moon's gravity pulled
a bit more strongly on the near side of the earth.
This effect caused strong tides (dragging big
lumps of ocean around the world), and it also made
the Earth slightly egg-shaped. As the nonspherical
Earth rotated, its uneven gravity caused the moon
to gradually spiral outward. Energy was
transferred from the Earth's rotation to the
Moon's orbit. Even now, our days are getting
longer by 38 billionths of a second per day. This
is due to the Moon's gravity giving the Earth an
uneven shape, which causes uneven gravitational
interactions, which drain Earth's spin and fling
the Moon outward. This effect was much stronger
when the moon was closer: When the Moon was at a
tenth of its current distance, there were
mile-high tides and the days were only a few hours
long.
The sun didn't burn us in the
distant past because despite being larger, its
surface wasn't as hot. In fact, the Earth used to
be colder, because the sun put out 30% less heat.
In a few billion years the sun will run out of
hydrogen fuel at its core. It will begin to grow
again, slowly at first, but then quickly, as its
dying core collapses. The sun's surface will
cool down, but unlike in the past, its larger area
will outbalance its lower temperature. Earth will
heat up, and the oceans will boil away. When the
sun is forced to use heavier elements (carbon,
oxygen, etc.) in its nuclear fusion reactions, it
will bloat up to the size of Earth's orbit-
swallowing and destroying our home, if we haven't
found a way to move it by then. Don't worry, we
have billions of years to work on this. | | Answer 2:
These are very good questions indeed. I will talk
about the moon first; It is true that the moon is
slowly orbiting farther from the earth -- and if
you run the process backwards far enough you'd
have the moon hitting the earth. There are several
theories of where the moon cam from and one of the
current leaders is that the moon was actually
created when a large asteroid hit the earth
billions of hears ago -- after the earth had
formed, but during the process of planet building
(i.e. when the solar system was still forming).
Since heavier metals and stones would sink in the
largely molten mantle of the earth, a large impact
could scatter a large mass of the predominantly
lighter mantle material into orbit. When Apollo
visited the moon some twenty years ago the samples
they brought back consisted largely of aluminum
and titanium silicates-- later density studies
confirmed that the moons complement of iron and
heavier metals is lower than the earths by
proportion. So -- effectively, it is possible the
moon was in contact with the earth... The sun's
size is set by several competing processes -- how
much heat is produced versus the density of the
solar plasma. Over long spans of time the sun is
slowly growing warmer (again a theory-- but a
carefully tested one). Although its size is indeed
changing, such change is not linear with time and
is a very slow process. The solar system appears
to be no older than about 4.5billion years, very
early in this process, the sun would have reached
a size (about 1 million miles in diameter) which
is only slight larger than the 864,000 miles
(through the equator) we measure today. --
However, if you'd like to wait a few billion
years, the sun will grow to be at least as big as
the orbit of Venus. It might sound odd, but it is
true that we know more about the sun than the core
of the Earth. This is because the sun is a much
simpler physical system -- essentially a very hot,
dense gas ball, vibrations on the surface of the
Sun allow measurements of the density most of the
way to the core... (Look up Solar Seismology on
the net). | | Answer 3:
The moon is currently receding from the earth
about 1 inch per year. You are growing at a rate
bigger than that. The important thing is that even
over millions of years the distance the moon has
moved is relatively small compared with its
distance from us. In other words if the moon was
moving towards us at a constant rate of 1 inch per
year, it would take billions of years for the moon
to be next to the Earth. As far as the SUN ,it is
93,000,000. miles away and the change in the solar
radius is tiny compared to its distance from us. | | Answer 4:
I believe the moon is moving away from the Earth
at a rate of about 4 centimeters per year, so even
in a billion years the moon will only move 40,000
kilometers away, which is just a fraction of the
current distance of the moon. I think it is still
not understood very well how the moon was formed,
but it somehow started orbiting the Earth a long
time ago and has slowly moved away since then due
to the same (gravitational) forces that cause our
high and low tides on Earth. By the way, since the
moon is moving away from us, eventually there
won't be any more total eclipses. Also, the
days on Earth are getting slightly longer which is
good news for those of us who always complain that
there is never enough time in the day. I hadn't
heard of the Sun shrinking, but the theory of the
formation of the sun is that a big gas cloud
slowly collapsed over millions of years to become
the Sun. The planets are made out of remnants of
the cloud that were left behind during the
collapse. So the Earth formed only after what
would become the Sun shrunk enough so that the
Earth wouldn't burn up. That's not really the end
of the story though. Unfortunately, when the sun
exhausts all the hydrogen that it uses for fuel,
it is going to expand again as a red giant and the
Earth will get burned up. We've still got about
five billion years until that happens so I don't
think anyone is too worried about it yet. Click Here to return to the search form.
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