Answer 1:
That's is an excellent question and one which
requires a bit of explanation. Electric charge is
an intrinsic property of matter. It is produced by
particles which have certain charges. In the world
we know, these particles are protons and
electrons, they are the stuff (along with
neutrons) that make up all of the matter that we
know in our daily life. Normally we don't notice
electric charge because there are about as many
positive charges as there are negative charges, so
they balance out and we don't really notice
anything.
When you have two wires that are separated by
air, we notice the charge between them because
there is an imbalance in the number of positive
and negative charges. One wire has more electrons
and the other doesn't have enough electrons (or,
it has more protons, which is another way to say
the same thing). The charge on each end of the
wire produces what we call an electric field. All
charges produce fields, and when you bunch up
charges, like you do in the two wires, you magnify
the electric field.
This electric field affects things that are
charged, like the electrons and protons we
mentioned earlier. Electrons are much smaller, and
easier to move, and so these are the things moving
around when we talk about electricity. But getting
back to the wire... there is a strong electric
field between the two ends of the wire. The
electric field makes negative electrons want to
travel towards the positive end of the wire (the
end with not enough electrons). Luckily, there
molecules of air between the wires happens to have
a bunch of electrons in it. These molecules like
their electrons and will not give them up easily,
but if the electric field is strong enough, it can
rip the electrons off of the air molecules. Now we
have air molecules that are missing electrons, and
free electrons wondering around. (By the way, this
soup of molecules lacking electrons, and their
free electrons floating around is called plasma,
the fourth state of matter.)
Now that the electrons have been stripped off
their molecules, they can move around freely, the
way they might in a wire. So the air, when it
becomes a plasma, actually becomes conductive,
like a wire. This allows electrons to flow between
the wires, along these strands of plasma. The
electrons don't more through air that easily
though, and moving through it creates a lot of
heat. When the electrons are heated up, they
glow.
That's what you are seeing. You are seeing the
heated electrons from the air that becomes a
plasma in order to allow a conductive path for the
electrons.
I hope that answers your question.
Yours in Science
|
Answer 3:
An electric spark is the journey of charge from
one material to another through air. Scientists
describe charges and their effect on their
environment with an idea called an electric field.
An electric field gets stronger with more charge.
Different materials have different resistances to
the influence of an electric field. Air is pretty
resistant to the influence of electric fields. A
spark happens when a sufficiently strong electric
field forces charge through the air; the light and
sound of a spark is a result of air being ionized,
forming a channel through which electric current
(moving charge) can flow.
When a spark jumps between two wires, you are
watching billions of trillions of electrons force
their way from one end of a wire, through the air,
and into the end of another wire. The shape of a
spark is the path of least resistance through the
air. Do you ever notice the many tines on forks of
lightning? Those tines are paths "explored" by the
charge on their way to finding the path of least
resistance between their cloud and the ground. The
shape of sparks and lightning can be affected by
the movement and temperatures of air and slight
changes in the concentration of the compounds in
air, among other things.
|
Answer 4:
Normally, air is a good electrical insulator,
so charges can't flow through it (that is,
electricity can't conduct through air). However,
at a certain point enough energy builds up to go
through air, and the result is the spark that
jumps between the wires. Interestingly, air
becomes more electrically conductive when it's
hot.
Click Here to return to the search form.
|