Answer 1:
Most stars are very hot. We can tell how hot a
star is by what color
it is, because the light emitted by a star (its
black body radiation
spectrum), depends on temperature!
The matter in stars undergoes a process called
nuclear fusion, where
two atoms fuse together to form a larger atom.
This process releases a
lot of energy in the form of heat, causing stars
to heat up to very
high temperatures. The surface temperature of
stars usually ranges
from 2000 to 30000 Kelvin. A Kelvin is a unit of
temperature like
Fahrenheit of Celsius. Room temperature is about
300 Kelvin, so stars
are very hot. Our sun is 5778 Kelvin on the
surface and is estimated
to be 17,510,000 Kelvin in the interior.
Very recently, scientists have discovered
several objects that are
somewhere between a star and a planet, called
brown dwarfs (not named
for the actual color of the objects). The matter
in these "failed
stars" can only undergo fusion of deuterium (and
sometimes lithium,
but not other elements). Due to the limited
fusion, they do not heat
up as much as most stars. They are very small for
stars, but they are
bigger than planets, (greater than 13x the size of
Jupiter), and
sometimes even have planets orbiting them. Brown
dwarfs are very cold
as stars go. The coolest ones discovered are about
300 Kelvin (room
temperature!).
References:
http://news.sciencemag.org/2011/03/cold-star-no-hotter-summers-day
http://www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?id=how-cold-is-a-y-dwarf-star
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brown_dwarf
http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/planetary/factsheet/sunfact.html
http://solarsystem.nasa.gov/planets/profile.cfm?Display=Facts&Object=Sun
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